Anatomy
Non entirely mammals have gallbladders. A rat and horse, for example, don't have a specialized organ for the storage of bile. A gallbladder is attached to the independent bile duct through the gallbladder duct (cystic duct or, in Latin, ductus cysticus). A independent biliary tract diarrhea from either a liver to the duodenum, and a cystic duct is profits the "cul de sac", serving when entrance & exit to the gallbladder. A surface marking of the gallbladder is the intersection of the mid-clavicular line (MCL) and a transpyloric plane, at the tip of the 9th rib. A blood supply is per cystic artery & vein, which process parallel to the cystic duct. the cystic artery is extremely variable, & this is of clinical relevancy since it must exist as clipped & cut when you took a cholecystectomy.

Microscopic anatomy
A gallbladder has an epithelial lining characterised by recesses (known as Aschoff's recesses), which are then pouches within a lining. Under the epithelial tissue there is a layer of connective tissue, followed by a muscular wall that contracts in response to cholecystokinin.

Function
A gallbladder places gall, which is freed once food containing fat enters the digestive tract, stimulating a secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK).

Role in disease
Cholestasis
Cholestasis is the blockage in the supply of bile into the digestive tract. It may be "intrahepatic" (a obstruction is in the liver) or even "extrahepatic" (outside a liver). It can lead to jaundice, and is identified per presence of elevated bilirubin level that is mainly conjugated.

Cholelithiasis
As much as 25% of everthing humans stand gallstones (cholelithiasis), composed of cholesterol, lecithin and bile acids. These may reason colicky shooting abdominal pawithin, commonly in relation by owning a meal, when a gallbladder contracts & bilestone pass through the bile duct. Surgery (cholecystectomy, removal of the gallbladder) is the most common coarse of action for bilestone. It may be performed laparoscopically, and these are in point of fact one of a usual procedures done through the laparoscope.

Humans traditionally considered at an increased chance of cholelithiasis come population world health organization come Fin F's: Female Fat (obesity) Fair (Caucasian, but this is disputed by recent studies) Forty (middle-aged) Fertile (the risk is increased in pregnancy) Cholecystitis
Please refer to independent article: Cholecystitis

Intense or even chronic inflammation of the gall bladder causes abdominal pain. 90% of instances of intense cholecystitis come from either a presence of bilestone.

Choledocholithiasis
Please refer to independent article: Choledocholithiasis

Once gallstones obstruct the most common bile duct, the patient develops jaundice and liver cell damage. These are the medical emergency, requiring endoscopic or surgical treatment.

Gallstone ileus
The uncommon clinical a cappella is ileus (bowel obstruction) by the big bilestone, or even gallstone ileus. This affliction develops inside patients by using longstanding bilestone disease, where the gallbladder forms a fistula with the digestive tract. Big stones pass into a intestine, & typically prevent a gut at a level of Treitz' ligament or the ileocecal valve, ii narrow points in the digestive tract. Therapy is surgical.